п»їArtificial cleverness
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" AI" redirects here. For other uses, find Ai (disambiguation). For additional uses, find Artificial cleverness (disambiguation). Unnatural intelligence (AI) is technology and a branch of computer science that studies and develops smart machines and software. Major AI analysts and textbooks define the field while " the study and type of intelligent agents",[1] where a brilliant agent is actually a system that perceives the environment and takes actions that maximize its likelihood of success.[2] John McCarthy, who coined the definition of in 1955,[3] defines it as " the science and engineering of creating intelligent machines".[4] AI studies highly specialized and specialist, deeply split up into subfields that fail to communicate with each other.[5] Some of the department is due to interpersonal and cultural factors: subfields have grown up around particular institutions and the work of individual experts. AI studies also divided by a number of technical problems. There are subfields which are aimed at the solution of specific complications, on one of several likely approaches, within the use of generally differing equipment and for the accomplishment of particular applications. The central problems (or goals) of AI research include thinking, knowledge, organizing, learning, interaction, perception and the ability to approach and shape objects.[6] General intelligence (or " solid AI" ) is still among the field's long term goals.[7] Currently popular techniques include record methods, computational intelligence and traditional representational AI. You will find an enormous range of tools utilized in AI, which include versions of search and mathematical search engine optimization, logic, strategies based on likelihood and economics, and many others. The field begun on the claim that a central ability of humans, intelligence—the sapience of Homo sapiens—can be so precisely described that it could be simulated by a machine.[8] This kind of raises philosophical issues about the nature of your head and the values of creating manufactured beings, problems which have been dealt with by fantasy, fiction and philosophy seeing that antiquity.[9] Unnatural intelligence has been the subject of tremendous positive outlook[10] but has also suffered stunning setbacks.[11] Today it has become an important part of the technology industry and many of the most challenging problems in computer science.[12] Contents
[hide]В
1 Background
2 Desired goals
installment payments on your 1 Deductions, reasoning, solving problems
2 . a couple of Knowledge rendering
2 . several Planning
installment payments on your 4 Learning
2 . a few Natural vocabulary processing
2 . 6 Action and treatment
2 . six Perception
2 . 8 Cultural intelligence
2 . 9 Creativeness
2 . 12 General cleverness
3 Strategies
several. 1 Cybernetics and human brain simulation
several. 2 Emblematic
3. three or more Sub-symbolic
three or more. 4 Statistical
3. your five Integrating the approaches
four Tools
4. you Search and optimization
5. 2 Reasoning
4. several Probabilistic methods for uncertain reasoning
4. 4 Classifiers and statistical learning methods
some. 5 Nerve organs networks
four. 6 Control theory
5. 7 Dialects
5 Evaluating progress
six Applications
6. one particular Competitions and prizes
6. 2 Platforms
7 Viewpoint
8 Predictions and ethics
9 Find also
12 References
10. 1 Notes
10 References
11. 1 AI books
11. a couple of History of AI
11. three or more Other sources
doze Further browsing
13 External links
Background[edit]
Main articles or blog posts: History of artificial intelligence and Timeline of artificial brains Thinking machines and manufactured beings can be found in Greek myths, such as Talos of Crete, the fermete robot of Hephaestus, and Pygmalion's Galatea.[13] Human likenesses believed to possess intelligence had been built in every major civilization: animated conspiracy images were worshiped in Egypt and Greece[14] and humanoid automatons were constructed by Yan Shi, Hero of Alexandria and Al-Jazari.[15] It was also widely presumed that artificial beings had been created simply by JДЃbir ibn HayyДЃn, Judah Loew and Paracelsus.[16] By the 19th and 20th generations, artificial...
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Neapolitan, Richard; Jiang, Xia (2012)
Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Cleverness: A Logical Strategy. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBNВ 0-19-510270-3. В
Winston, Tanker Henry (1984)
History of AI[edit]
Crevier, Daniel (1993), AJE: The Turbulent Search for Man-made Intelligence, Nyc, NY: BasicBooks, ISBN 0-465-02997-3В
Aleksander, Igor (1995). Man-made Neuroconsciousness: An Update. IWANN. Archived from the unique on 2 March 1997. В BibTex Internet Store
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Buchanan, Bruce G. (2005). " A (Very) Brief History of Artificial Intelligence" (PDF). AI Magazine: 53–60. Archived from the original upon 26 September 2007. Gathered 30 September 2007. В
Dennett, Daniel (1991)
Dreyfus, Hubert (1972). What Computer systems Can 't Do. Ny: MIT Press. ISBNВ 0-06-011082-1. В
Dreyfus, Hubert (1979)
Dreyfus, Hubert; Dreyfus, Stuart (1986). Mind more than Machine: The potency of Human Intuition and Competence in the Time of the Computer system. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. ISBNВ 0-02-908060-6. В
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